The Homeland Security Investigations (HSI) Commercial Fraud Unit (CFU) oversees the wildlife trafficking program. HSI special agents have primary jurisdiction and authority among all federal law enforcement officials to investigate cross-border violations including, but not limited to, violations of Chapter 27 of Title 18 of the U.S. Code (18 U.S.C. § 541 et seq.) and Title 19 – Customs Duties. HSI has the authority to enforce the Lacey Act (16 U.S.C. §§ 3371–3378), making it unlawful to import, export, sell, acquire, or purchase fish, wildlife, or plants that are taken, possessed, transported, or sold. A Lacey Act or Endangered Species Act (ESA) violation often serves as a predicate offense for 18 U.S.C. § 541 (misclassification), 18 U.S.C. § 542 (fraudulent importation documentation), 18 U.S.C. § 545 (importation contrary to law), or 18 U.S.C. § 554 (exportation contrary to law) which are charges more likely to result in criminal convictions than a standalone Lacey Act or ESA violation.